Controls:

• Demand Response
  • Abstract
    Draft of the Open Automated Demand Response Communication Standards funded by the California Energy Commission's (CEC) Public Interest Energy Research Program (PIER).The standard outlines communications standards using Web Services to send DR signals to end-use customer systems. This technology has been in use for several years and the purpose of this formal standard is to reduce cost, promote interoperability among DR technologies, and allow wide spread price or emergency response in commercial and industrial facilities. The work has been carried out by the Demand Response Research Center (DRRC) which is managed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Over six years of research, development, and demonstration have led to this standard.
• PID Control: May It Rest in Peace
  • Abstract
    Technology is obsolete in the age of digital networks.
• Ultra-Efficient Cooling with Demand-Based Control
  • Abstract
    The value and methods of applying direct-coupled network control to building-energy-system design
• Whole Building Networks - Beyond HVAC
  • Abstract
    System designers no longer think about digital controls solely in terms of the mechanical portion. We are now considering entire buildings being controlled via digital integrated networks. Indeed, the Integrated Facility Networks (IFNs) of the future will produce a multitude of benefits for building owners, managers, and operators.
• Relational HVAC operation
  • Abstract
    Relational - network enabled approaches to improving the efficiency and effectiveness of HVAC operations.
• Network Based Control of Fluid Distribution Systems
  • Abstract
    Renewable and advanced energy systems for the 21st century.
• Network Based Control: An Imperative for Green Office Buildings
  • Abstract
    The purpose of this paper is to explain in a straightforward fashion how network based control always improves building energy system performance by reducing energy use. The focus for this paper is on air systems and chiller plants, the two major energy consuming building comfort systems in Asian and Pacific Rim buildings.
• Problems with Current Control in All-Variable Speed Applications
  • Abstract
    "The purpose of this article is to give savvy designers and plant mangers information to evaluate applying these new technologies to their cooling systems and to help them outline a plan for the most direct route toward implementing the technologies effectively where they show sufficient benefit." In many large cooling systems, the chilled water distribution system poses a much more immediate problem to overall cooling system performance and efficiency.
• What is The Equal Marginal Performance Principle?
  • Abstract
    The Equal Marginal Performance Principle is an entirely new way of looking at systems that are composed of multiple power-modulating components such as fans, chillers, and pumps.
• PART 1: Why PID Control is Outdated for Modern Building Applications
  • Abstract
    The really exciting things about the current rapid growth and advances in building control networks are all the control functions they could do but don't yet.
• PART 2: An Introduction to Relational Control
  • Abstract
    Types of Relational Control
• PART 3: Process Change Required for Effective Relational Control
  • Abstract
    Process Change Required for Effective Relational Control
• IT Could be the start of something big
  • Abstract
    Now, with the growing use of building networks and the convergence of building controls and IT networks, it is becoming far easier to connect building occupants to the building control system by employing a simple "comfort and lighting" icon on each occupant's PC.
• HVAC Control: An Essay for Change
  • Abstract
    The building controls industry is poised for a leap into the world of network based systems.
• Just What the Doctor Ordered: Fully Integrated Control System
  • Abstract
    This article will discuss the cabling infrastructure and network integration that made St. Clare's one of the first fully digital and integrated hospitals in the United States and earned Ministry Health Care and HGA Architects and Engineers a Networked Controls Leadership Award from HPAC Engineering in 2007.
• Networked Controls
  • Abstract
    Networked Controls is a team-spirited effort to educate and stimulate the engineering community to evolve their careers and their buildings toward modern BAS technologies.

Energy:

• Load Modeling of Buildings in Mixed Energy Distribution Systems
  • Abstract
    The main topic of this thesis has been the development of a new method for load modeling of buildings in mixed energy distribution systems. The method estimates design load profiles, yearly load profiles, load duration profiles and annual expected energy demand for a specified planning area, all divided into heat and electricity purposes. The heat load demand includes end-uses such as space heating, ventilation heating and hot tap water, while electricity load demand includes end-uses such as lighting, pumps, fans, and electrical appliances.
• Industrial Audit Guidebook
  • Abstract
    A guidebook for performing walk-through energy audits of industrial facilities
• Washington State University Energy Program Publication
  • Abstract
    A great source for many publications related to energy reduction and savings at all levels

Global Warming:

• 350.org
  
  • Abstract
    "350 is the red line for human beings, the most important number on the planet. The most recent science tells us that unless we can reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to 350 parts per million, we will cause huge and irreversible damage to the earth." This web site details the planning of an international campaign to unite the world around the number 350.
• CAN/CSA ISO 14064 Greenhouse Gases
  
  • Abstract
    The ISO 14064 Greenhouse Gases are a new voluntary series of standards developed through an international consensus-based approach involving stakeholders from industry, government, NGO's and service professionals. ISO 14064 is designed to help organizations and governments in measuring, reporting and verifying GHG emissions. Developed and approved by more than 50 countries, ISO 14064 has been approved as national standards of Canada.
• ISO 14064-1:2006
  
  • Abstract
    Greenhouse gases -- Part 1: Specification with guidance at the organization level for quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals
• ISO 14064-2:2006
  
  • Abstract
    Greenhouse gases -- Part 2: Specification with guidance at the project level for quantification, monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emission reductions or removal enhancements
• ISO 14064-3:2006
  
  • Abstract
    Greenhouse gases -- Part 3: Specification with guidance for the validation and verification of greenhouse gas assertions

Lighting:

• Are there general rules that determine good lighting? - Jennifer A. Veitch, Ph.D.
  
  • Abstract
    This article discusses how you can achieve good lighting but also reminds us that good lighting does not come from a cookie cutter approach or step by step instructions. Good lighting will be achieved when three general principles are followed, and from these can flow more specific statements. The general principles, adopted following the 1998 CIESymposium on Lighting Quality, are:
    - Good lighting is tailored to the people in the setting.
    - Good lighting is integrated with the architecture.
    - Good lighting addresses energy, costs, maintenance, and operation.
• Is Full-Spectrum Lighting Special? - Peter R. Boyce, Ph.D.
  
  • Abstract
    There is no "official" definition of full spectrum lighting. What there is, is a de facto definition related to the use of full- spectrum fluorescent lamps. Specifically, full-spectrum lighting consists of interior lighting provided exclusively by full-spectrum fluorescent lamps. Such lamps are designed to mimic daylight. They have spectral emissions in all parts of the visible spectrum and some emission in the ultraviolet, mainly the near ultraviolet. Quantitatively, they have a correlated colour temperature greater than 5000 K and a CIE General Colour Rendering Index of greater than 90. The correlated colour temperature specifies the apparent colour of light emitted by the lamp; the higher the colour temperature, the cooler (or more blue) the apparent colour of the light. The CIE Colour Rendering Index quantifies the ability of the lamp to render colours as well as a standard lamp with the same colour temperature. The CIE General Colour Rendering Index has a value of 100 when the match between the test lamp and the standard is perfect. Therefore, the full-spectrum fluorescent lamp is cool in colour appearance and has good colour rendering properties.
    This article discusses the claims made about "full spectrum lighting" as well as a comparison with other sources for interior illumination and daylight.
• Retrofit Fluorescent Dimming with Integrated Lighting Control Economic and Market Considerations
  
  • Abstract
    
• Lighting Controls: Current Use, Major Trends and Future Direction, Craig DiLouie
  • Abstract
    Lighting automation is now becoming the rule rather than the exception, according to a new market research study funded by The Watt Stopper and conducted by Ducker Research. The study found that lighting automation is being used in a majority of new construction and renovation projects in the office and school markets. Approximately 65% of these projects feature lighting automation. The research was made available as part of the California Energy Commission's Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) Lighting Research Program -- a two-year, $5.2 million research and development program that creates new lighting technology and products that can save energy, reduce peak demand, and reduce pollution for the citizens of California.
• Task lighting effects on office worker satisfaction and performance, and energy efficiency - Newsham, G.; Arsenault, C.; Veitch, J.; Tosco, A.M.; Duval, C.
  
  • Abstract
    This paper reports on two experiments conducted in the same office laboratory. As part of a larger experiment, 58 participants worked for a day under one of two lighting designs. The first design used ceiling-recessed parabolic luminaires only; the second design employed the same parabolic ambient lighting, with the addition of an angle-arm task light. Participants had no control over the lighting until the afternoon, when they were offered dimming control over the ambient parabolic lighting; participants with task lighting were also permitted to move the arm location. During the day participants performed a variety of simulated office tasks, as well as completing a number of questionnaires on mood, satisfaction, and discomfort. There was no main effect of lighting design on questionnaire outcomes, however, task lighting was associated with performance improvements on some tasks. Interestingly, provision of a task light did not lower participants' preferred ambient light output. The second experiment, with 31 participants, followed up on this final point. Again, ambient lighting was provided by ceiling-recessed, parabolic luminaires, and participants were provided with a task light. For two task light types (angle-arm and luminous shade) at three different levels of output (0%, 50%, and 95%), participants used a dimmer to select their preferred level of ambient lighting. Increasing task lighting did reduce chosen ambient light output, but the reduction in lighting power was small, and only about the same as the power drawn by the task light. Results suggested that participants did not dim ambient lighting further because they preferred to maintain illumination on non-task surfaces, and to avoid extreme luminance ratios.
• Screwbase Compact Fluorescent Lamp Products
  
  • Abstract
• Power Quality - Lighting Answers Vol 2 No. 2
  
  • Abstract
    Power Quality helps readers better understand power quality so that they can more confidently select energy-efficient lighting products. Concerns about the effects of lighting products on power distribution systems have focused attention on power quality. Poor power quality can waste energy and the capacity of an electrical system. It can harm both the electrical distribution system and devices operating on the system. For an electrical distribution system, power quality is the extent to which line voltage is a sine wave of constant amplitude. For a specific electric device, power quality describes the extent to which the device both distorts the voltage waveform and changes the phase relationship between voltage and current. A device with ideal power quality characteristics neither distorts the supply voltage nor affects the voltage-current phase relationship.
• T5 Fluorescent Systems - Lighting Answers Vol 6 No. 1
  
  • Abstract
    This publication answers commonly asked questions about T5 systems, including T5 lamps, ballasts, and luminaires. Lighting Answers: T5 Fluorescent Systems contains three parts: physical characteristics, economic issues, and design and application. The first section, physical characteristics, addresses questions on dimensions and performance of lamps, ballast, and luminaire performance. The second section, economic issues, focuses on the monetary benefits of T5 systems. The third section, design and application, discusses proper applications of T5 lamps and the advantages and disadvantages of T5 systems versus T8 systems in lighting design.
• T8 Fluorescent Lamps - Lighting Answers Vol 9 No. 1
  
  • Abstract
    Lighting Answers: T8 Fluorescent Lamps (2006) explores developments in 4-foot, 32-watt T8 lamps, replacing the 1993 publication of the same title. This report gives lighting professionals an overview of the performance claims for initial light output, rated life, lumen maintenance, and color. It discusses the uncertainties associated with these performance attributes and with power requirements. These uncertainties can blur the distinctions in performance claims, making comparisons between lamp models more difficult. Data gathered from a limited sample of T8 lamp models illustrates the uncertainties in performance, which impacts energy costs. Knowledge of these uncertainties will help lighting professionals to evaluate performance differences and to estimate total costs more accurately.
• LED Lighting Systems - Lighting Answers Vol 7 Issue 3
  
  • Abstract
    This publication answers some commonly asked questions about lighting systems using light emitting diodes (LEDs). Lighting Answers: LED Lighting Systems helps practitioners understand the differences between LEDs and other conventional light sources, as well as some of their relevant performance characteristics. Key issues that are important in understanding the effective use of LEDs in lighting applications, including electrical performance, thermal performance, and optical performance are described. This publication should be useful to any practitioner who wants to use LED systems effectively in lighting applications.
• Dimming Electronic Ballasts - Specifier Report
  • Abstract
    This Specifier Report covers ballast types, control signal circuitry, and control devices for dimming electronic ballasts. It explains performance characteristics including, dimming range, power quality, ballast life, and lamp starting and operation. The report also examines considerations for specifiers and available alternative technologies. It includes manufacturer-supplied data and brand-name performance results. Dimming electronic ballasts for fluorescent lamps can save energy and increase the range of illuminances provided by a lighting system. Most dimming electronic ballasts are silent and cause no perceptible flicker. Control devices for dimming electronic ballasts include automatic and manual dimmers, photosensors to dim lamps when daylight is available, and energy management systems that dim lamps during peak demand hours or at night.
• High-wattage Compact Fluorescent Lamps - Lighting Answers Vol 9 Issue 2
  • Abstract
    Lighting Answers: High-wattage Compact Fluorescent Lamps introduces lighting specifiers to this new lamp type. Focusing on the use of high-wattage compact fluorescent lamps (HW-CFL) in high-ceiling retrofit applications, this report examines product characteristics such as light output, luminous efficacy, lamp life, color properties, thermal behavior, performance at different lamp orientations, starting profiles, and retrofit limitations. It also compares these characteristics to those of other common lamp types. In addition, the report lists HW-CFL products available on the North American market (at time of publication).
• Electronic Ballasts - Specifier Reports
  • Abstract
    NLPIP collected data from 12 manufacturers of non-dimming electronic ballasts and independently evaluated 74 of the ballasts from the manufacturers for this report. These ballasts operate T5, T8, T10, and T12 fluorescent lamps. The report explains performance characteristics of electronic ballasts, plus other factors such as lamp/ballast starting methods. It discusses considerations for specifiers and important lamp/ballast compatibility parameters such as glow current, electrode voltage, and electrode preheat time. It provides manufacturer-supplied data and brand-name performance results. High-frequency electronic ballasts, also called solid-state ballasts, are promoted as a technology that can provide significant energy savings for fluorescent lighting systems. Their share of the market has grown steadily since their introduction.
• Guide to Fluorescent Lamp-Ballast Compatibility
  • Abstract
    This guide, from the National Lighting Product Information Program, NLPIP, from the Lighting Research Centre, LRC, provides specifiers and end-users information that can assist them in understanding problems from unreliable starts to reduced life of fluorescent lighting systems. Their analysis and testing of a number of different leading manufacturers provides a quick reference to main issues of compatibility as well as a what lamps are compatible with which ballasts.
• Daylighting Guide for Canadian Commercial Buildings
  
  • Abstract
    Although many daylighting guides exist, they are generally focused on moderate or warm climates. Canada's cool climate and geographic diversity brings with it unique building needs, which affect daylighting feasibility and practicality. This guide provides the building design practitioner with some tools and techniques to design high-performance daylit commercial buildings in Canada. Daylighting is an integrative process, with each design decision affecting other aspects of the building design. This guide has been developed to follow the typical building design process from the initial planning stages through to commissioning. At the end of the process, the designer will achieve a daylighting design suitable to the Canadian climate.
• PhotoSensors
  
  • Abstract
    This issue of Specifier Reports updates information reported in Specifier Reports: Photosensors, originally published in 1998. Photosensor technology has advanced significantly since that report was published. The new report presents the findings of testing conducted by NLPIP on the latest photosensor products and provides information to assist in the selection, setup, and general understanding of photosensors. It includes datasheets on each photosensor product tested and discussed by NLPIP. A growing desire to create sustainable buildings has led to the current trend in building design of increasing emphasis on daylit spaces that use lighting controls to reduce electrical energy needs. Therefore, interest in photosensors has increased dramatically.

Mechanical:

• Use of Air Nozzles in Ceiling Mounted Air Delivery Systems
  
  • Abstract
    This 2008 paper looks at the current state of air nozzles for delivering air into a client space for both ceiling and under floor applications. It provides an indepth review of the concepts associated with air nozzles and why this is a proven method of delivery
• Personal Environmental Controls - Energy Savings from Individual Control over Lighting and HVAC at the Workstation: A Pilot Project, 8B1, Place du Portage, Phase III Gatineau Quebec
  
  • Abstract
    The typical office building averages 14% or their energy consumption from lighting and approximately 40% from HVAC, heating, ventilation and cooling.(1) Studies conducted on controls for lighting and personal control have indicated that there is a potential increase in energy savings from 11% to 75%, depending upon the lighting design, combination of controls and controls strategies. (Galasiu,A. et. al., 2007) There have been few studies that looked at occupancy control and sensors in the individual workstations tied to lighting and HVAC. In 2006 Public Works & Government Services Canada, PWGSC, began a two part project; to install and evaluate the compatibility of three different building automation systems, BAS, using BACNet protocols and evaluate the energy savings due to PEC and integrated occupancy control over both the lighting and HVAC, for each workstation
• Innovative Office: Cost Analysis of Ceiling Delivery Systems
  
  • Abstract
    March 27, 2003 Prepared by: BUSBY + ASSOCIATES ARCHITECTS for PWGSC.
    Compares different diffuser selections with cost to install and operate. Supports use of Air Nozzles.
• Achieving and Verifying Design Intent:It Takes a Team
  
  • Abstract
    It is not a simple matter to successfully implement a large-scale integrated network control system. FOCUS ON DESIGN INTENT.

Protocols:

Technology:

• Energy Efficient Ethernet
  
  • Abstract
    In 2005, all the network-interface controllers in the United States - computers, switches, and routers - all of them burned through 5.3 terawatt-hours of energy, enough to keep 6 billion 100 watt lightbulbs shining all year.